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目  录

I 课程性质与设置目的

 

II课程内容和考核目标

 

第一单元  HIT THE NAIL ON THE HEAD

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第二单元  BEWARE THE DIRTY SEAS

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第三单元  MY FRIEND, ALBERT EINSTEIN

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第四单元 THE INVISIBLE POOR

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第五单元   TV AND THE AMERICAN FAMILY

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第六单元 PREPARING FOR COLLEGE

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第七单元 GROUPING THE GIFTED：PRO

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第八单元  WHY NOTHING WORKS

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第九单元  WHERE IS THE NEWS LEADING US？

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第十单元  THINGS：THE THROW-AWAY SOCIETY

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第十一单元 CULTIVATING A HOBBY

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第十二单元   THE ROLE OF CUSTOM

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第十三单元 WHAT LIFE MEANS TO ME (1)

 

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第十四单元   WHAT LIFE MEANS TO ME (2)

 

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

第十五单元 I HAVE A DREAM

 

一、学习目的与要求

二、课程内容

三、考核知识点

四、考核要求

 

Ⅲ 有关说明与实施要求

 

附录：题型举例

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

I   课程性质与设置目的

 

本课程是高等教育自学考试英语教育（本科）考试计划中高级阶段的精读课程，为核心必考课程。该课程是为完成基础阶段学习之后的英语专业学生进一步提高英语语言技能而设置。设置本课程的目的可以归纳为如下几方面：

1. 引导学生注意吸收语言材料、扩大文化知识，特别是有关英美的文化知识。
2. 通过对文章的思想内容、篇章结构、语言技巧的分析，提高学生用英文表述对文章的理解、分析及评述的能力。
3. 继续强化语言基本功，努力发展学生综合运用英语的能力。

  

II  课程内容与考核目标

（考核知识、考核要求）

 

1. HIT THE NAIL ON THE HEAD

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1.  the importance of choosing the right word for one’s purpose;

2. the double function of the correct choice of words;
3. semantic differences between words of the same root;
4. wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations;
5. stylistic differences between synonyms;
6. words of uniquely cultural load;
7. analogy.

 

二、课程内容：Hit the Nail on the Head

I. The purpose and the organization of the text:

1. The passage begins with an analogy to illustrate the similarities between how to drive a nail home and how to use exact English words. In this way the author dramatizes the importance of choosing the right word for one’s purpose;

2. Paragraphs 2-4 are devoted to the double function of the correct choice of words;
3. Paragraphs 5-8 are devoted to semantic differences between words of the same root;
4. Paragraph 9 is devoted to wrong choice of words caused by failure to recognize their connotations;
5. Paragraph 10 is devoted to stylistic differences between synonyms;
6. Paragraph 11 is devoted to words of uniquely cultural load;
7. Paragraph 12 is devoted to the abundance of specific words in English for general notions;
8. The passage ends with an emphasis on quality rather than quantity in the mastery of words.

II. Difficult points:

1. How to understand the use of analogy;

2.  How to associate the end-weight principle with the understanding of the author’s purpose.

三、考核知识点：

1.  words and phrases of this unit;

2. the importance of choosing the right word for one’s purpose;
3. semantic differences between words;
4. the abundance of specific words in English for general notions.

四、考核要求：

(一) 识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. Hit the nail on the head: to be exactly right (in saying something);

2. drive home the nail: drive the nail into the wood precisely;

3. deft blow: effortlessly skillful blows;

4. hit the nail on the head: hitting it accurately on the head;

5. so with language: This is also true with language;

6. scrupulous: painstaking;

7. we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction: we shall be satisfied if we can find the right words;

8. bad carpentry of language: poor mastery of language;

9. rife: common; widespread (of bad things);

10. malapopism: wrong use of a word sounding like the correct one;

11. as if the meaning were held against its will: as if the meaning of the word ‘imprisoned’ used by the journalist here in the sentence were against its original meaning;

12. to be alive to: to be sensitive to;

13. to disprove: to refute.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. A clumsy (heavy, stupid, unskillful) workman is likely to find fault with his tools.

2. As John was a deft (skilful, clever, ready) mechanic, he was hired by the joint-venture in no time.

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. Choosing words is a part of the process of realization, of defining our thoughts and

feelings for ourselves, as well as for those who hear or read our words.

可转写为：To define our thoughts and feelings for ourselves as well as for those who

hear or read our words, we choose our words carefully, which is a part of the process of realization.

2. It is hard work choosing the right words, but we shall be rewarded by the satisfaction

that finding them brings.

可转写为：We shall be rewarded for our hard work in choosing right words when we feel

satisfied after finding them.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

Above all we should try to c_______ an interest in words. They are the most f_______ things. The study of words, of their origins and shifting meanings, can tell us a great deal a_______ human life and thought. Compare English words w______ words in your own language. Can you translate the English word club, for example, i_______ your own language? The French couldn't, and so they took over the English word, but they pronounce it d_______. Can you find an exact English e_______ for chic (French), weltanschauung (German), ahimsa (Hindi), safari (Swahili)?

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落划线部分翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

(1)英语中有大量的词汇，是一门十分灵活的语言，陈述事物有很多种方法,但即使是意义接近的词语之间也有不同程度的微妙差别。作为学生，对于这些差别必须了如指掌。通过使用字典，最重要的是通过阅读，他可以增强对这些细微差别的判断力，提高准确表达自己思想的能力。

(2) 你曾见过一个笨手笨脚的人把钉子钉进箱子里吗？他先把钉子敲到一边，然后又敲到另一边，可能把它完全敲弯了，结果钉子只钉进了一半。但是一个灵巧的木工每次都能准确的敲到钉头上，只需熟练有力的几下，就能把钉子钉进去。语言也是这样，好的语言工匠会选择能确切表达意思的词。一个力求文字精练明晰的作家是不会满足于含糊的字眼，不严密的词语，模棱两可的表述和含混的形容词的。他会尽力每一次都找到完全符合他要求的词。

……

1.  BEWARE THE DIRTY SEAS

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1. the thesis statement: the Mediterranean is the most polluted sea in the world;
2. the causes and consequences of the pollution in general;
3. cause-effect.

二、课程内容：Beware the Dirty Seas

I. The organization of the text:

1. Paras.1-4 introduce the topic.

  Para.1 is devoted to the thesis statement: The Mediterranean is the most polluted sea in the world.

  Paras.2-4 are devoted to the causes and consequences of the pollution in general.

2. Paras.5-10 are devoted to the first main cause---sewage.

  Paras.5-7 are devoted to the improper treatment of sewage by many Mediterranean countries.

  Paras.8-10 are devoted to the consequences, such as contamination of sea water and fish; greater likelihood of disease.

3. Paras.11-13 are devoted to the second main cause—industries, such as untreated wastes emitted from factories along the coast and from factories located far inland.

4. Paras.14 and 15 are devoted to other causes of pollution, such as pesticides, detergents, fertilizers and oil.

5. Paras.16-20 are devoted to factors that lead to the severity of the case, such as

  narrow and shallow outlet of the Strait of Gibraltar,

  weak coastal currents and feeble tides,

  long-standing practice of dumping wastes into the sea,

  and multiplication of pollution and increasing number of tourists.

6. Paras.21 and 22 are devoted to the conclusion:

   efforts made to solve the problem.

II. Key points for comprehension:

1. The association of the evolution of the Mediterranean culture with the development of the western civilization;

2. The significance of discussing the pollution of the Mediterranean.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of this unit;
2. the thesis statement: The Mediterranean is the most polluted sea in the world;
3. the causes and consequences of the pollution in general;
4. cause-effect.

四、考核要求

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. nurtured: care for;

2. fall victim to: suffered because of;

3. the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it: the bad pollution caused by the industry that developed gradually and the ignorance of environmental protection that developed among the people around the sea;

4. stifle: stop from breathing properly;

5. lurks: exists unseen;

6. foul: make dirty and smelly;

7. effluents: waste liquid;

8. landlocked: enclosed by land;

9. cleanse: made clean and pure;

10. remorseless: merciless;

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. When the wind died down, the sailboat drifted toward the beach.

a. headed    b. floated   c. hurried   d. returned

2.  The roof of the house was practically failing in and the front steps were rotting away.

    a. virtually   b. essentially  c. always    d. basically

3.  The plans for the new office and building were ______ a few weeks ago.

    a. drawn to   b. drawn out  c. drawn up   d. drawn in

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. The result is that the Mediterranean, which nurtured so many civilizations, is gravely ill---the first of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it.

可转写为：Having nurtured so many civilizations, the Mediterranean, as a result, is gravely ill and becomes the first of the seas to fall victim to the abilities and attitudes that evolved around it.

2. But it will be a long time before the measures they approved take effect in cleaning up the sea.
   可转写为：A long time will be needed for the measures they approved to take effect in cleaning up the sea.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

Typhoid, paratyphoid, dysentery, polio, viral hepatitis and food poisoning are e_______ in the area, and there are periodic o________ of cholera. The mournful litany of disease is c_______ by sewage. Eighty-five per cent of the waste from the Mediterranean's 120 ­­c_____ cities is pushed into the waters w_______ their people and visitors bathe and fish. What is more, most cities just drop it in straight o_______ the beach; rare indeed are the places like Cannes and Tel Aviv w_______ pipe it even half a mile offshore.
Less than 100,000 of Greece's four million coastal people have their s________ properly treated and Greece, as our map shows, is one of the cleaner c_________ of the northern shore.

 

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落划线部分翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（1）每年有上亿的游客被吸引到地中海度假，这个占世界旅游业贸易额三分之一的度假胜地最受人们的欢迎，但同时其遭受的污染也是最为严重的。

（2）地中海只占全球海洋面积的百分之一，但其表面却漂浮着覆盖全球洋面的半数以上的石油和柏油。成千上万的工厂把有毒物质倾倒进地中海，沿岸的几乎每个城镇和村庄都开闸向地中海排放未经处理的污水。

……

 

1.  MY FRIEND, ALBERT EINSTEIN

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1. the chief personalities of man;
2. Einstein’s chief personalities: modesty, simplicity, etc;
3. description developed by examples.

二、课程内容：My Friend, Albert Einstein

I. Key points for discussion:

1. In Hoffmann’s opinion “simplicity” is the best word to describe the essence of Einstein’s character. The abstract notion of simplicity is explained by a phrase in the first paragraph. Which is it?

2. From the two anecdotes related in paras.2-4, what impression of Einstein have you got?

3. What, according to the author, is Einstein’s most outstanding trait as a scientist?

4. Why did Einstein insist on working hard when he was so badly shaken by his wife’s death?

5. How do you interpret the sentence in para.11: “To help him, I steered the discussion away from routine matters into more difficult theoretical problems?

6. What revelation is made through Einstein’s comment on Beethoven and Mozart’s works?

   II. Difficult sentences for paraphrasing

    1. This knack for going instinctively to the heart of a matter was the secret of his major scientific discoveries—this and his extraordinary feeling for beauty; (para.1)

    2. The intensity and depth of his concentration were fantastic. When battling a recalcitrant problem, he worried it as an animal worries its prey; (para.9)

    3. A dreamy, faraway and yet inward look would come over his face. There was no appearance of concentration, no furrowing of the brow—only a placid inner communion; (para.10)

    4. Each of these assumptions, by itself, was so plausible as to seem primitively obvious. But together they were in such violent conflict that a lesser man would have dropped one or the other and fled in panic. (para.14)

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of this unit;
2. the chief personalities of man;
3. Einstein’s chief personalities: modesty, simplicity, etc;
4. description developed by examples.

四、考核要求

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. knack: talent;

2. as to: as for;

3. plead with: continually request;

4. was in awe of: had a feeling of respect mixed with fear and wonder for;

5. approaching him: speaking to him (for the first time);

6. working on: conceiving;

7. inflection: tone;

8. awry: turned towards one side;

9. endearing request: request that inspires affection and love from others;

10. vestiges: visible traces;

11. infant prodigy: child with exceptional talents;

12. dullard: mentally dull or stupid person;

13. abreast of: side by side with;

14. masterwork: masterpiece;

15. worked out: produced;

16. worried it as an animal worries its prey: never gave it up as an animal chases and bites its prey;

17. quaint: strange;

18. twirling a lock of: twisting and winding a lock of.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. I hope to obtain your forgiveness, to ______ your ill opinion.

 a. lessen   b. reduce   c. decrease   d.  diminish

2. The number of nations allied with Germany _____ as the war continued.

 a. dropped  b. decreased  c. reduced   d. diminished

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. If I had to convey the essence of Albert Einstein in a single word, I would choose simplicity.

可转写为：Simplicity would be the right choice if I had to convey the essence of Albert Einstein in a single word.

2. From that innocent question would arise, ten years later, his theory of relativity.
   可转写为：That innocent question would be the cause of his theory of relativity ten years later.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

Einstein f____ his entrance examinations at the Swiss Federal Polytechnic School, in Zurich, but was a_____ a year later. There he went beyond his regular w____ to study the masterwork of physics o___ his own. Rejected when he a___ for academic positions, he ultimately found work, in 1902, a ___ a patent examiner in Berne, and there in 1905 his genius b ____ into fabulous flower.

……

 

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（１）接二连三发生的政治事件使他已经失去平静的生活雪上加霜。纳粹在德国上台执政后，他的理论被官方宣布是错误的，仅因为这些理论是由一个犹太人所提出的。他的财产被充公，据说还有人出钱收买他的人头。　

（２）当美国的科学家担心纳粹分子会研制出原子弹，试图提醒美国当局要提防潜在的危险时，当局却几乎不予理会。绝望之余，他们起草了一封信，让爱恩斯坦签名，然后直接寄给罗斯福总统。

……

 

1.  THE INVISIBLE POOR

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. the use of transitional words and phrases.

二、课程内容：The Invisible Poor

I. Key points for discussion:

1. How do you account for Harrington’s use in para.2 of the first person singular, which is not found anywhere else in the passage?

2. What, according to Harrington, has rendered poverty less visible in rural Amercia?

3. How has urban development contributed to the reduced awareness of the existence of the poor?

4. What have mass-production and age to do with the invisibility of poverty?

5. How do you understand the statement “the poor are politically invisible”?

6. The passage is an extract from a book written in the early 1960’s. Do you think things have improved since then?

   II. Difficult sentences for paraphrasing

1. Beauty and myths are perennial masks of poverty; (para.5)

2. This new segregation of poverty is compounded by a well-meaning ignorance. (para.10)

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of this unit;
2. the organization of the text;
3. the use of transitional words and phrases.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. the invisible poor: the ignored poor;

2. perennial reasons: long lasting;

3. beaten track: main high way;

4. turnpikes: motorways;

5. rutted roads: deep narrow tracked roads;

6. run-down: dilapidated;

7. exempt from: free from;

8. quaint inhabitants;

9. across the track: Across the tracks to the poor place;

10. hovel: dirty places to live in;

11. This process has been magnified with the poor throughout the country: The process of the existence of social classes becoming difficult to discern has been exaggerated considering the poor throughout the country;

12. stylishly: fashionably;

13. lurid: shocking;

14. dispossessed: the poor (who are deprived of possessions);

15. reservoir: extra supply.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. Although the main speaker was almost ______ we were quiet throughout the ceremony.

  a. audible   b. inaudible   c. unaudible   d. disaudible

2. I thought it was very rude of her to give such an ____ talk.

  a. modest  b. immodest   c. unmodest  d. modestless

……

（说明：此处的ｃ和ｄ选项是有意为之，不是错误，主要考学生对词汇否定的构成是否掌握）

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. It is one of the cruelest ironies of social life in advanced countries that the dispossessed at the bottom of society are unable to speak for themselves.

可转写为：The dispossessed at the bottom of society are deprived of their right to speak for themselves, which is one of the cruelest ironies of social life.

2. It is not a matter of planning, though it almost seems as if the affluent society had given out costumes to the poor so that they would not offend the rest of society with the sight of rags.
   可转写为：The affluent society almost seems to have given out costumes to the poor so that they would not offend the rest of society with the sight of rags, yet it is not a matter of planning.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

In short, the very d____ of the American city has removed poverty f ____ the living, emotional e _____ of millions upon millions of middle-class Americans. Living in the

s ___, it is easy to assume that ours is, indeed, an affluent s ___.

……

 

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（1）穷人中的年轻人相对而言稍微比较引人注目，尽管他们的活动范围也同样局限于他们的住所附近。有时候，小报上会登载耸人听闻的帮派血斗消息，引起人们对他们贫穷状况的关注。

（2）穷人被社会所漠视是一个与他们有关的最重要的问题。他们不仅仅像过去那样，在那些华而不实的改革高潮中被忽视，被遗忘。更糟的是，他们已经从人们的视野中完全消失。

……

 

1.  TV AND THE AMERICAN FAMILY

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. periodical structure and loose structure.

二、课程内容：TV and the American Family

I. The organization of the text:

Para.1 is devoted to the introduction of television into American society;

Paras.2 – 6 are devoted to positive effects as claimed in the early years when TV was introduced into the average American family, such as wonderful improvement in the change of children’s habits, a good means to bring the family together;

Paras.7-16 are devoted to negative effects as perceived today.

Paras.7-10 are devoted to the fact that too much time is spent by children on TV-watching;

Paras.11 and 12 are devoted to a general lack of communication within peer groups;

Paras.13 and14 are devoted to a widening gap in the relations between children and their parents;

Paras.15 and 16 are devoted to traditional family concept being challenged and culture changed;

Para.17 is devoted to the conclusion, including

1. the impact on children:　a drastic change in their life and personality; the process that transforms children into people being hindered;
2. the impact on family and family life: ever-loosening families.

II. Key points for discussion:

1.  How the author starts his argument by the metaphorical expression used in the title;

2.  How unusual the author views the negative effect as against general assumptions;

3.  How the author paves the way from the beginning for his serious argument.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of this unit;
2. the organization of the text;
3. periodical structure and loose structure.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. safe from repossession: free from being taken away by the creditor;

2. have sufficient perspective to: have sufficient room for making judgment;

3. myopia: shortsightedness;

4. wondrous influence: wonderful influence;

5. a steady refrain helped to soothe and reassure anxious parents: a regularly repeated claim of the less important role of TV helped to calm and comfort the anxious parents;

6. to ameliorate its effects: to improve the effects;

7. the advent: the coming; the arrival;

8. to assign to television the subsidiary role: to consider television as playing a minor role;

9. apologists: people who argue for the defense of a belief;

10. equivocal: doubtful; questionable;

11. skirmish: a small-scaled fight;

12. regimented: strictly organized;

13. anything amiss: anything improper;

14. on the spur of the moment: without preparation;

15. mediating: acting as a peace-maker;

16. who are effectively shunted away and rendered un-troublesome: who are kept away so as not to cause any trouble;

17. undemanding: leisurely;

18. accede to: approve of.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. My daughter was so _____ in the TV programme that she forgot to turn the microwave oven off.

  a. distracted   b.  attracted   c. enchanted   d. engrossed

2. Tourists are _____to beware of pickpockets in the bus.

  a. commanded   b. notified   c. informed   d. advised

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. But television does not merely influence the child; it deeply influences that 'pattern of influences' that is meant to ameliorate its effects..

可转写为：That 'pattern of influences' that is meant to ameliorate the effects on the child, is deeply influenced by television at the same time.

2. Therefore it is improper to assign to television the subsidiary role its many apologists insist it plays.
   可转写为：According to its many apologists, television plays only the subsidiary role in influencing children, which is an improper opinion.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

But television does not m_____ influence the child; it deeply influences that "pattern of influences" that is m_____ to ameliorate its effects. Home and family life h____ changed in important ways since the advent of television. The peer group has become television-oriented, arid much of the time c_____ spend together is occupied by television viewing. Culture generally has been t_____ by television. Therefore it is improper to assign to television the s_____ role its many apologists(too often members of the television industry) i____ it plays. Television is not merely one of a number of i____ influences upon today's child. Through the changes it has made in family life, television e_____ as the important influence in children's lives today.

……

 

（四）综合应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

(1)自从电视进入美国时候四分之一世纪以来，这个传播媒介已深深地根植于美国人的生活。至少在一个州，电视已经取得了受法律保护的生活必需品的地位，和衣服、厨具之类的物品一样，不纳入债务赔偿的范畴。看电视已经成为日常生活不可缺少的普通组成部分。只有在电视出现的最初几年里，作家评论家才理直气壮地认为看电视的行为与电视向观众提供的节目内容（在影响家庭生活方面）没有必然的联系。那时候，作家们经常就电视对家庭生活的影响发表高论。遗憾的是，这些早期观察家们却鼠目寸光：几乎无一例外地认为电视对家庭起着令人欣喜的、有益的、确实神奇的影响。

(2) 电视经过若干年的发展，随着孩子们花费在这种新媒介的时间不断增加，家长们也越来越关心观看如此之多的电视可能会产生的影响。但是有一种认为电视的影响并非威力无比的论调反复重弹，却减轻了家长的忧虑。在一项早期的，颇有影响力的关于电视对孩子的影响的研究中，作者们这样写道：“电视每时每刻都进入一种早已存在的影响模式，其中包括家庭、同伴、学校、教堂以及整个文化。” 换句话说，如果孩子们的家庭生活是正常的，家长就不必为看电视所产生的影响而担心。

……

 

1.  PREPARING FOR COLLEGE

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. narration and argument.

二、课程内容：Preparing for College

   I. Key points for discussion:

1. From Steffens’s description of “the elect” in para. 2, what has been revealed about himself?

2. Where can you find Steffens’s critical comments on the school education he received? Was it at least in part responsible for his failure to get into university?

3. What is the antecedent of the pronoun “it” in the first sentence of para. 6? Apart from referring to its antecedent, what cohesive function does it perform?

4. How does the man Evelyn Nixon impress you? Support your answer with information from the text.

5. Despite their similar background, the Englishmen who met at the Saturday night gatherings had “no common opinion on anything apparently” (para. 13). By which sentence in the same paragraph is this fact restated?

6. Why does Steffens say that those wonderful Saturday nights in San Francisco were his preparations for college?

 II. Difficult sentences for paraphrasing

1. When I knocked at his college gates, I was prepared for a college education in some braches; my mind was hungry enough for the answers to some profound questions to have made me work and develop myself, especially on lines which I know now had no ready answers, only more and even more questions; (para.4)

2. When he read or recited Greek verse the Greeks came to life; romance and language sang songs to me, and I was inspired to be like him, not a hero nor even a poet, but a Greek scholar, and thus an instrument on which beautiful words might play; (para.6)

3. “Go to, boy. The world is yours. Nothing is done, nothing is known. The greatest poem isn’t written, the best railroad isn’t built yet, the perfect state hasn’t been thought of. Everything remains to be done---right, everything.” (para.12)

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of this unit;
2. the organization of the text;
3. narration and argument.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. for the most part: mostly;

2. Their own driving motives: What drove them to work hard;

3. dazed: so surprised as to be unable to think and feel;

4. foreign: strange;

5. to this day: even now;

6. appeal: attract;

7. barest rudiments: the simplest basic parts;

8. metaphysics: the study of the nature of reality, including the relationship between mind and matter, substance and attribute, fact and value;

9. be crammed for:  be prepared by stuffing knowledge hastily;

10. lived over: went over pleasantly;

11. personify with: express;

12. Don't work up any more brawn: Don't develop any more human muscle;

13. cram up: learn hastily;

14. underline: draw a line under;

15. add ours to whip, to lash you on: add our questions to push you on;

16. balked: unwilling to do something difficult;

17. a maddening lot of: an annoying lot of.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. The original building was erected in 1710 but this structure has been largely transformed and _____.

  a. increased  b. extended  c. augmented   d. stretched

2. Accuracy is ____ to the programming of computers.

  a. elemental  b. elementary  c. fundamental  d. foundational

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. I wrote verses, but only to learn the technique and so feel poetry more perfectly.

可转写为： By writing verses, I only learned the technique which made me feel poetry more perfectly.

2. What they knew was amazing to me, and how they knew it, but what they did not know struck me harder still.
   可转写为：My interest in what they didn’t know was aroused more greatly than in what they knew and how they knew it.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

    My father discovered and put me into the best p____ school in San Francisco as a special

s ____ to be crammed for Berkeley –and he retained one of the t ___ there, Mr. Evelyn Nixon, to tutor me on the side. Characteristically, too, my father gave me l____: a room to sleep and work in, with no one to watch over and care for me. I could go and come as p___. And I came and went. I went exploring and dreaming alone a _____ that city as I had the country around Sacramento, and the p ____ I liked best was the ocean shore; t ___ I lived over the lives of the G ____ heroes and the Roman generals and all the poets of all the a ____ , sometimes with ecstasy, but never, as in my boyhood, w ____ myself as the hero.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（１）这是我所听到的谈话，是出自例如锐器而又慎思周密的大脑的思想交流，总是那么自由不羁、富有激情、妙语连珠。他们总是那么的谦恭，从不会抢着说话；也不会窃窃私语。他们总是当众讨论问题。当要讨论某个问题时，不管站在哪一边，所有人都会坦述他知道的事实，或者提起对于某位哲人的观点或者某位诗人完美诗句的回忆，来阐明或升华主题。即使意见相左，他们依然彬彬有礼。他们津津有味地品尝着加州红酒；他们在屋里吞云吐雾；他们以自己的活力、真诚和口才来宣扬自己的观点，却从不失其温文而雅。

……

 

1.  GROUPING THE GIFTED：PRO

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. inductive argument.

二、课程内容：Grouping the Gifted: Pro

I. The organization of the text:

Paras.1 and 2: author’s definition of the gifted;

Paras.3 and 4: author’s idea of grouping the gifted;

Para.5: presenting the basic opposing argument: the fear of creating intellectual snobs, and the fear of producing inferiority among the slow students;

Para.6: refuting the opposing argument by pointing out the erroneous notions held by the opposing party, e.g., the traditionally held definition of the gifted;

Para.7: further refuting the opposing argument by analogies, e.g., gifted grouping in speech, music, etc;

Paras.8 and 9: highlighting the responsibility of the teacher in forming the concept of individual development among students;

Para.10: presenting another opposing argument: gifted grouping does not affect achievement much;

Paras.11 and 12: refuting the opposing argument by finding fault with the opponents’ supporting evidence, e.g., grouping pupils according to their IQ scores, which are far from reliable;

Paras.13 and 15: refuting the opposing view by arguing from his first-hand experience;

Para.14: further refuting the opposing idea by pointing out the defect of heterogeneous classrooms;

Para.15: showing his confidence in gifted grouping;

Paras.16, 17 and 18: supporting his argument by citing the result of a successful experiment in grouping pupils according to their different reading ability;

Paras.19 and 20: the conclusion--gifted grouping should be the practical means of developing children towards individual growth.;

II. Key point:

Clear definition of the argument is essential to the success of argumentation.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of this unit;

2. the organization of the text;

3. inductive argument.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. manifest: show plainly;

2. a class is heterogeneously grouped: a class is grouped with students of different interests or abilities;

3. at times: occasionally;

4. readily grouped the gifted: grouped the gifted easily;

5. To the extent of my observation: As far as I have observed;

6. form the wrong concept about themselves: fail to understand;

7. challenge: test the ability of;

8. spark interests: arouse interest in young people;

9. along the lines of his interests and abilities: following his interest;

10. the fault probably lies with the teachers, parents: probably we should blame the teachers, parents;

11. factual detail: detail concerning facts;

12. latent interest: potential interest;

13. yield some measure of success: provide certain means of success for them;

14. frustration: feelings of failure;

    15. as is too often the case in heterogeneous classrooms: which is often found in heterogeneous classrooms;

    16. beyond their endurance: more than they could bear.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. You cannot _____ ignorance as your excuse; you should have known what was happening all along.

   a. plead   b. refer to    c. defend    d. persist in

2. As the medicine took _____, the nervous patient became quieter.

   a. action  b. force   c. effect   d. influence

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. The teacher, not the manner in which a class is organized, determines students' attitudes towards individual differences.

可转写为：Students may have proper or improper attitudes toward individual differences, which is determined by the teacher, not the manner in which a class is organized.

2. The individual student will mature and grow successfully along with the lines of his interests and abilities.
   可转写为：The cultivating of the individual student's interests and abilities will help him to mature and grow successfully.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

Heterogeneous classrooms frequently produce f_____ in children who are persistently u____ to do the same work that most of the other children do. Frustration is also produced when bright children are not p____ challenged by their school work, as is too often the case in h____ classrooms.
I have little fear of gifted students being pushed b____ their endurance, for I have faith in the ability of most teachers to r_____ the limits to which any student should be pushed. On the other hand, I don't believe g_____ should be wasted away s_____ because a bright or talented student is c_____ to proceed at what is --- for him a snail's pace or to stand at the top of a class of s____ with less ability.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（1）如果教师真正力图促进个性发展，鼓励自尊，我认为，他们没有理由担心任何形式的分类教学。决定学生对个体差异的态度的因素，不是一个班的组织方式，而是教师。但是在向学生灌输正确的态度之前，教师首先需要批判性的分析自己对这些个体差异的态度。

（2）如果一群有天分的或缺乏天分的学生不能正确地认识自己，其责任很可能在老师、家长或行政管理人员。我深信，如果教师接受并尊重个人价值，如果他们鞭策并激起他们的兴趣，每个学生就会根据自己的兴趣和能力健康地成长。我呼吁：让那些天分接近的孩子们携起手来，共同计划、享受生活在一起美好时光。

 

 

1.  WHY NOTHING WORKS

一、学习目的与要求

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. sentence complexity and rhetorical effect.

二．课程内容：Why Nothing Works

I. The organization of the text:

In Para.1 the author starts with a reference to Murphy’s law, and then he guides his readers to “the shoddy goods problem”, which he continues to define as a Murphy’s law effect.

In Para.2 he makes use of “artifacts used by simple pre-industrial societies” as an example to illustrate that handmade items may turn out to be very reliable. In this way, he explains his idea that quality can be independent of technology.

In Para.3 he goes on to explain “the source of quality”. By using examples, he illustrates his point: it is the social relationship between producer and consumer that actually counts in connection with quality.

In Paras.4 and 5, the author uses the device of contrast to help explaining his argument.

II. Sentence complexity and rhetorical effect:

1a. A single visit to a museum which displays artifacts used by simple pre-industrial societies (S) is (V) sufficient to dispel the notion that quality is dependent on technology(C). (Para.2)

1b. You (S) can pay (V) a visit (O) to a museum which displays artifacts used by simple pre-industrial societies. Then you (S) will dispel (V) the notion (O) that quality is dependent on technology.

1c. As long as you pay a visit to a museum which displays artifacts used by simple pre-industrial societies, (C) you (S) will dispel (V) the notion (O) that quality is dependent on technology.

III. Key point:

How the author takes advantage of examples to show his point of view deserves students’ attention both for reading comprehension and their own essay writing.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;
2. the organization of the text;
3. sentence complexity and rhetorical effect.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. attributed to: considered to have been written by;

2. corollaries to: immediate inferences from;

3. shoddy goods: goods made cheaply and badly;

4. a decent interval has elapsed: a period of successful performance is over;

5. commitment: responsibility; devotion;

6. so much the better: it will be even better;

7. do the trick: fulfill one's purpose of perfect production;

8. reflection: careful thought;

9. to dispel the notion: to get rid of the idea that;

10. honor the label: respect the label;

11. seaworthiness: good condition and fitness;

12. uncaring: careless;

13. to fashion: to make with hands;

14. sentimental and personal bonds: bonds with tender feelings.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. The artifacts displayed in the museum will _____ the imagination of succeeding generations of artists.

  a. fire   b. heat   c. burn  d.  raise

2. The doorway of the Eskimo igloo was so low that we had to ____ down to enter.

  a. incline  b. bend  c. drop  d. bow

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. Much of human existence consists of efforts aimed at making sure that things don't go wrong, fall apart, break down, or stop running until a decent interval has clasped after their manufacture.

可转写为：A decent duration of things after their manufacture has been what man aims at painstakingly.

2. But gadgets and sampling alone will never do the trick since these items are also subject to Murphy's Law.
   可转写为：Since gadgets and sampling are also subject to Murphy's Law, it becomes impossible for these items alone to do the trick.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

A man is not likely to fashion a spear for himself w___ point will fall off in mid-flight; nor is a woman who weaves her own basket l____ to make it out of rotted straw. S____, if one is sewing a parka for a husband who is a____ to go hunting for the family w____ the temperature at sixty below, all stitches will be perfect. And when the m____ who make boats are the uncles and fathers of those who sail them, they will be as seaworthy as the state of the art p_____.
Growth a____ layer on layer of executives, foremen, engineers, production workers, and sales specialists to the payroll. S____ each new employee contributes a d____ share to the overall production process, a____ from the company and its product are likely to increase a____ with the neglect or even purposeful sabotage of q____ standards.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

(1) 相比之下，人们很难去关心陌生人或陌生人所使用的产品。在我们这个大生产大市场的工业时代，产品质量始终是个难题，因为一度使我们要对对方或自己的产品负责的亲密感情和个人交情已被金钱关系取而代之。不仅生产者和消费者现在是陌生人，就连那些涉及到生产和分配各个阶段的男人和女人们也彼此陌生，他们包括管理人员、生产第一线的工人、办公室勤杂人员以及销售人员。在较大的公司里，也许有成千上万的人在为同一产品工作，而这些人都有可能从未碰过面，或从不知其他人的名字。公司越大，劳动力分工越复杂，互不关心的人际关系也越是占上风，马菲的法则效果也就越明显。

……

 

1.  WHERE IS THE NEWS LEADING US？

一、学习目的与要求：

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. the role of news in our life.

二、课程内容：Where Is the News Leading Us?

I. The organization of the text:

In Para.1 the author, by referring to the case of a photographer shooting pictures of the gunman,

puts forward the question: should a journalist stay cold-blooded and go on reporting while

people are being killed?

Para.2 is devoted to the illustration of Option 1 by referring to the photographer making the Indian family rebury its dead and the BBC sound man delaying the execution.

In Para.3 he presents the mentality of those who are in favor of Option 1: a journalist should stay cold-blooded and go on reporting while people are being killed.

Para.4 is devoted to the illustration of Option 2 by referring to some journalist’s use of different

adjectives.

Para.5 is devoted to the illustration of Option 1 by referring to the birdman story.

Para.6 is devoted to the illustration of Option 1 by referring to the practice of a doctor and a lawyer.

Para.7 is devoted to the illustration of Option 2 by referring to an Italian journalist’s interference with the Tunisian soldier’s shooting.

Para.8 is devoted to the conclusion: a good journalist should be human.

II. Key point:

The rhetorical effect of the title on the buildup of the writer-reader relationship is the demanding point to students’ critical thinking.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;
2. the organization of the text;
3. the role of news in our life.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. symposium: meeting of discussion;

2. anchorman: worker who narrates or coordinates a newscast in which several correspondents give reports;

3. scrutinize: examine with great care;

4. distortions: reports that twist facts;

5. eruptive: shocking and sensational;

6. misshapen: badly shaped;

7. catastrophes: sudden big calamities;

8. ingredient: element;

9. any given moment: any specified moment;

10. in turn: conversely;

11. cynicism: people who prevent progress;

12. contrived as an antidote to the disasters: obviously planned as a remedy to counteract the effects of the disasters;

13. YMCA: Young Men's Christian Association;

14. perspective: aspect;

15. legitimately: reasonably;

16. literally: exactly;

17. inclusion: being included;

18. roundup: gathering.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. The river _____ some 34 feet overnight.

  a. drooped  b. dropped   c. rose   d. fell

2. The ______ assassination of the duke was the sensational news in today’s papers.

  a. warm  b. cold-blooded  c. humane  d. callous

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define the word 'news', for this is where the problem begins.

可转写为：How we define the word 'news' is where the problem begins, so perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we define it..

2. Progress comes in bits and pieces, very little of it clearly visible at any given moment, but all of it involved in the making of historical change for the better.
   可转写为：Coming in bits and pieces, progress, with very little of it clearly visible, is involved in the making of historical change for the better.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

Perhaps it would be useful here to examine the way we d____ the word news, for this is where the problem begins. News is s____ to deal with happenings of the past 12 hours-24 hours at most. Anything that h____ so suddenly, however, is apt to be eruptive. A sniper kills some pedestrians; a terrorist h___ 250 people hostage in a plane; OPEC a___ a 25 percent increase in petroleum prices; Great Britain devalues by another 10 percent; a truck conveying radioactive wastes c___ with a mobile cement mixer.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（1）然而，仅仅把注意力集中在这些细节上，出现的只会是一幅扭曲的画面。文明绝不只是它所有灾难的总和。任何一个文明中最重要的元素是不断的进步。但是，进步并非一蹴而就，也不具备爆发性。通常，它是一点一滴慢慢形成的，它在任何时候都不是很明显的。但是，它的每一点、每一滴都融入了令世界变得更为美好的历史转变之中。

（2）正是这方面活生生的历史没有在大多数的新闻报道中得到适当的反映。其结果就是，我们对于正面的发展知之甚少，而对灾难却知之甚多。这样反过来就导致了公众的挫折与绝望的情绪，而这些情绪本身就会抑制进步。

……

 

1. THINGS：THE THROW-AWAY SOCIETY

一、学习目的与要求：

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. figures of speech and decomposition.

二、课程内容：Things：the Throw-Away Society

I. The organization of the text:

Paras.1-3 are devoted to the example of the Barbie doll to introduce and illustrate his thesis: man’s relationships with things are increasingly temporary. The thesis is repeatedly illustrated and supported by more examples in the rest of the text.

Paras.4-5 are devoted to the psychological impact of the increasing number of man-made things on man.

Para.6 is devoted to the difference between two generations in their value judgments, which is shown by means of comparison and contrast.

Para.7 is devoted to the throw-away culture in which the younger generation are deep-rooted, which is shown with a long list of throw-away objects for daily use.

Paras.8 and 9 are devoted to examples of other industrialized countries, in which the throw-away culture has been fostered gradually since the late 50’s. U. S. and Sweden are contrasted to show how the latter was transformed into a throw-away society in the late 50’s.

Paras.10-12 are devoted to the example of the introduction of paper clothes products to show people’s psychological need for throw-away things and the trend to maintain a transient relationships between man and man-made objects.

Para.13 is devoted to the conclusion:

The spread of disposability through the society also implies decreased durations in man-thing relationships.

II. Key points:

How the author sees the essence of the spread of disposability through the phenomenon of increasing number of throw-away products deserves further discussion among students, so as to develop their sense of social criticism and social responsibility.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;
2. the organization of the text;
3. figures of speech and decomposition.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. eminently dress-upable: unusually dressed up in the desirable way;

2. twist-and-turn waist: flexible waist;

3. iridescent glisten: shining with changing colors;

4. staggering vision of a cityscape: breathtaking vision of a landscape of the city;

5. We develop relationships with things: Our relationships with things become closer and closer;

6. Things affect our sense of continuity or discontinuity: Things affect our understanding of the state of being continuous or not being continuous;

7. They play a role in the structure of situations: They play a role in forming situations;

8. clutch lingeringly: hold tightly;

9. at a rapid clip: at a fast speed;

10. inextricably embedded: deeply caught;

11. lo and behold: to my surprise;

12. clothing stores have sprouted whole departments: clothing stores have established whole departments;

13. benignly: in a friendly way;

14. complete with brushes: additionally supplied with brushes;

15. paper explosion: sudden increase of paper consumption;

16. throw-away mentality: throw-away concept.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. One of the problems our government has to deal with is the _____ of the growing number of plastic containers.

  a. dissolution   b. disposal   c. disappearance  d. disposition

2. On National Day we will march in _____ through the People’s Square.

  a. process   b. processing  c. procession  d. progression

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. The ocean of man-made physical objects that surrounds us is set within a larger ocean of natural objects.

可转写为: In the universe, man-made physical objects in number are fewer than natural objects.

2. Their number is expanding with explosive force, both absolutely and relatively to the natural environment.
   可转写为：There is an explosive expansion both absolutely and relatively to the natural environment in the number of man-made things.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

The r____ introduction of paper and quasi-paper clothing carried the trend toward d_____ a step further. Fashionable boutiques and working-class clothing stores have sprouted whole departments d____ to gaily colored and imaginatively designed paper apparel. Fashion magazines d____ breathtakingly sumptuous gowns, coats, pajamas, even wedding d___ made of paper. The bride pictured in one of these w___ a long white train of lace-like paper that, the caption writer notes, will make "great kitchen curtains" after the c____.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

(1) 当然，价格是导致纸制品数量激增的一个关键因素。因此有一间百货商店专门销售由所谓的“无人在乎”的人造纤维和尼龙所制的简单的A字型连衣裙。由于每件只售1.29美元，对于消费者来说，买一件新的用过后扔掉，比送一件普通的衣服去洗衣店几乎还要便宜，而且很快就会变得更加便宜。这其中不仅仅是经济学的问题，因为这种一次性使用文化的迅速发展也深深地影响了人们的心理。

……

 

1. CULTIVATING A HOBBY

一、学习目的与要求：

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. metaphor and synonymous expressions.

二、课程内容：Cultivating a Hobby

I. The organization of the text:

The first paragraph is devoted to the notion of worry. In order o explain how a hobby works, he first explains what worry really is.

In Para.2 the author, by means of metaphors, creates an emotional image of hobby. In the sentence “The seeds must be carefully chosen; they must fall on good ground; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed”, “hobby” is compared to “seed”; “fitness (of a hobby) to an individual” is compared to “good ground”; and “the effect (in lessening one’s worry)” is compared to “fruit”, so that the reader can have something concrete to look at. This is an effective way to explain such an abstract and complex concept as “hobby”.

In Paras.3 and 4 the author makes the first classification of human beings to further explain his idea. He divides human beings into three classes: “those who are toiled to death, those who are worried to death, and those who are bored to death.” And he devotes the fourth paragraph to “those who are bored to death.”

In the last paragraph, Churchill turns to classifying the majority of human beings into two further categories, in order to emphasize the point that hobby is necessary for all, including those who think they do not need one as a diversion from work.

II. Key point for discussion:

How to appreciate Churchill’s unique perspective on the understanding of the significance of cultivating a hobby is a question open to discussion among the students.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;

2. the organization of the text;

3. metaphor and synonymous expressions.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. The stronger the will, the more futile the task: The more you want to get rid of the worry, the less success you will have in your attempt;

2. the old undue grip relaxes: the old improper strain relaxes;

3. improvised by a mere command of the will: done without preparation simply on sudden impulse;

4. aggravates the strain of mental effort: worsens the state of worry;

5. gratify every caprice: satisfy every sudden wish;

6. lay their hands on: get;

7. satiation: satisfaction already full;

8. discipline in one form or another: a more regularized way of life;

9. means of sustenance: money for a supply of food and shelter;

10. grudged as enforced interruptions: accepted with great reluctance as imposed interruptions;

11. the means of banishing it at intervals from their minds: the means of removing their work occasionally from their minds.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

  1. Catherine was greatly taken ______ by Joan’s caprice.

a. aback  b. aside  c. about  d. apart

  2. There is no evidence that any member of the Ministry of Education is ____ in the affair

   a. aggravated  b. complicated   c. involved   d. insinuated

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. This is not a business that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly improvised by a mere command of the will.

可转写为：A mere command of the will can not. help swiftly improvise such a business which one cannot undertake in a day.

2. As for the unfortunate people who can command everything they can, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire---for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an additional satiation.
   可转写为：The unfortunate people who can command everything they can and gratify every caprice and lay their hands on almost every object of desire can obtain only an additional satiation from a new pleasure or a new excitement.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

The cultivation of a hobby and new f____ of interest is therefore a policy of first importance to a public man. But this is not a b_____ that can be undertaken in a day or swiftly i____ by a mere command of the will. The growth of alternative mental interests is a long process. The seeds must be c____ chosen; they must fall on good g____; they must be sedulously tended, if the vivifying fruits are to be at hand when needed.
As for the unfortunate people who can c_____ everything they want, who can gratify every caprice and lay their hands on a____ every object of desire --- for them a new pleasure, a new excitement is only an a_____ satiation. In vain they rush frantically round from place to place, trying to e_____ from avenging boredom by mere clatter and motion. For them d_____ in one form or another is the most hopeful path.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

要想生活真正的愉快和安全，你就得有至少两三种实实在在的爱好。到了年迈才开始说：“我要培养这样或那样的爱好。”这是徒劳的。因为这样只会使你的神经绷得更紧。一个人也许会获得大量与他本身日常工作毫不相干的知识，然而这些知识却不能使他获益分毫，或感到轻松。这时候凭兴趣而工作已经为时太晚，你只能一心一意的去爱你所从事的工作。大体上讲，人可以分为三类：第一类人劳碌终生，第二类人忧虑终生，第三类人终日游手好闲。对于一个劳累了整个星期的体力劳动者来说，让他在星期六下午去踢一场足球或打一场棒球是毫无益处的。而对于一个忙碌了一周或为一些重要的事情而担忧了一周的政治家、专业人士或商人来说，在周末还要他去为一些鸡毛蒜皮小事而操心也是绝不可取的。

 

1. THE ROLE OF CUSTOM

一、学习目的与要求：

To grasp:

1. the organization of the text;
2. rhetorical devices employed to explain the author’s idea.

二、课程内容：The Role of Custom

I. The organization of the text:

In Para.1 the author puts forward her thesis statement: “The fact of first- rate importance is the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.”

In Para.2 she develops “the predominant role that custom plays in experience and in belief”. In Paras.3 and 4 she develops “the very great varieties it may manifest”.

II. Rhetorical devices employed to explain the author’s idea:

1. Definition

  Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant. (Para.1)

2. Indirect quotation plus analogy

  John Dewey has said in all seriousness that the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against any way in which he can affect traditional custom, is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his other tongue over against those words of his own baby talk that are taken up into the vernacular of his family. (Para.2)

3. Contrast

III. Key point:

How to view different cultures impartially demands mutual understanding between people of different cultural context.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;
2. the organization of the text;
3. rhetorical devices employed to explain the author’s idea.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. a subject of any great moment: a subject of any great significance;

2 The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely worthy of investigation: We feel the inner workings of our own brains to be uniquely worthy of investigation;

3. but custom, we have a way of thinking, is behavior at its most commonplace: but some of us think that custom is behavior at its most commonplace;

4. Traditional custom, taken the world over: Traditional custom, which is accepted the world over;

5. more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant: more powerful than any individual behavior, no matter how unusual the individual behavior is;

6. have reference to: be in connection with;

7. in all seriousness: seriously;

8. the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual as over against: the part played by custom in shaping the behavior of the individual, when it is compared with;

9. is as the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue over against: is like the proportion of the total vocabulary of his mother tongue in comparison with;

10. social orders: given social states;

11. autonomously: independently;

12. the figure becomes: the analogy;

13. There is no social problem it is more incumbent upon us: It is more important for us to understand this social problem of the role of custom than to understand any other social problems;

14. the main complicating facts: The main confusing facts of human life must remain incomprehensible

15. propositions: premises;

16. preferential weighting: consideration showing preference for one or another of the items.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. Nobody in our group _____ out much hope of making people regard custom as a subject of any great importance.

  a. holds  b. puts  c. finds   d. keeps

2. When they heard how well the new corporation was doing in the computer business, they took a calculated ____ and invested most of their capital in it.

  a. venture  b. opportunity  c. risk  d. chance

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior more astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant.

可转写为：What any one person can ever evolve in individual actions, no matter how aberrant, is less astonishing than the traditional custom, taken the world over, a mass of detailed behavior.

2. The life history of the individual is first and foremost an accommodation to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community.
   可转写为：Any individual in his lifetime has to adapt himself, above all else, to the patterns and standards traditionally handed down in his community.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

Custom has not been commonly r____ as a subject of any great moment. The inner workings of our own brains we feel to be uniquely w_____ of investigation, but custom, we have a way of thinking, is b_____ at its most commonplace. As a matter of fact, it is the other way a____. Traditional custom, taken the world over, is a mass of detailed behavior m____ astonishing than what any one person can ever evolve in i_____ actions, no matter how aberrant. Yet that is a rather trivial aspect of the matter. The fact of first- rate i_____ is the predominant role that custom p_____ in experience and in belief, and the very great varieties it may manifest.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（1）人的一生首先是适应他所处的社会流传下来的传统模式与标准的过程。从出生之日起，他就受到周围习俗的影响，这些习俗使他的经历和行为成形。到了能交谈的年龄，他已成为其所属文化的小奴隶，到了长大成人并能够参加社会文化活动的时候，社会习惯就成了他的个人习惯，社会信仰就成了他的个人信仰，社会难题也就成为他的个人难题。出生在与他相同社会的每个孩子都会与他分享这一切，而出生在地球另一边的社会里的孩子绝对不可能受到丝毫影响。没有任何社会问题比习俗的作用这个问题更需要我们去好好认识了。如果我们不能了解习俗的规律和各种表现形式，人类生活许多错综复杂的社会现象对我们来说肯定还会是个谜。

……

 

1. WHAT LIFE MEANS TO ME (1)

一、学习目的与要求：

To grasp:        

1. the organization of the text;
2. lexical and syntactic features in a narration.

二、课程内容：What Life Means to Me (1)

I. The organization of the text:

Para.1 is devoted to sordidness and wretchedness he experienced in his early childhood and his determination to climb.

Para.2 is devoted to the vision of upper society London cherished in his early childhood.

Para.3 is devoted to his early attempts to climb up.

Para.4 is devoted to his experience of a newsboy as the first business ladder to climb up.

Para.5 is devoted to his experience of oyster-pirating and his realization that an owner of capital was justified to exploit others

Paras.6 and 7 are devoted to his raid amongst the Chinese fishermen and his understanding that capitalism meant robbery.

Para.8-12 are devoted to his experience as a muscle seller and his understanding that in the capitalist society the rule was for the strong to exploit the weak.

Para.13 is devoted to his revelation that everything was a commodity.

Para.14 is devoted to his discovery of the difference between muscle and other commodities.

Para.15 is devoted to his discovery of the difference between a muscle seller and a brain merchant.

II. Key point for discussion:

Point out the lexical, phonological and syntactic features of the language that can match the mentality of the author on different levels of maturity.

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;

2. the organization of the text;

3. lexical and syntactic features in a narration.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. I had no outlook, but an uplook rather: I had no future probability, but I was envious of the upper society;

2 Here life offered nothing but sordidness and wretchedness: Here life was dirty and miserable;

3. flesh and spirit were alike starved and tormented: material and spiritual comforts were not ensured;

4. handicapped: prevented;

5. I was hard put to find the ladder: I had great difficulty in finding the ladder;

6. worried my child's brain: tried my best as a child to understand;

7. I ascertained the current rates of wages: I discovered the current payment of wages;

8. enter into participation in a fair portion of: begin to share a fair portion;

9. the life that was in me demanded more than a meager existence of scraping and scrimping: the life I desired was not merely a poor living of spending sparingly;

10. with a turn of the wrist: very easily and quickly;

11. outfit: set of tools;

12. is wont to fulminate: is likely to protest loudly and bitterly;

13. longshoreman: docker;

14. roustabout: man doing heavy unskilled work in seaport.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. This particular ____ of yours will add to Doctor Li’s dossier of all common _____ among children.

  a. complaint  b. disease  c. disorder  d. illness  e. infection

2. Johnny had been outside playing with all the other children, when all of a sudden he came in crying. His ____ was a bad pain in his right elbow.

  a. complaint  b. disease  c. disorder  d. illness  e. infection

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. I was down in the cellar of society, down in the subterranean depths of misery about which it is neither nice nor proper to speak.

可转写为：My miserable situation in the cellar of society makes me feel it neither nice nor proper to talk about it.

2. But the life that was in me demanded more than a meager existence of scraping and scrimping.
   可转写为：But a meager existence of scraping and scrimping was not the life I desired for.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

But the life that was in me demanded more than a meager e_____ of scraping and scrimping. Also, at ten years of age, I b______ a newsboy on the streets of a city, and found myself a changed uplook. All about me were still the s____ sordidness and wretchedness, and up a____ me was still the same paradise waiting to be gained; but the ladder whereby to climb was a d____ one. It was now the ladder of business. Why save my e_____ and invest in government bonds, when, by buying two newspapers for five cents, with a turn of the w____ I could sell them for ten cents and double my c____ ? The business was the ladder for me, and I had a vision of myself becoming a baldheaded and s_____ merchant prince.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（1）恐怖感令我陷入沉思。我看到了我所在的这个复杂的社会赤裸裸的简单本质。生活是个食与宿的问题，为了填饱肚子或有栖身之地，人们就要出卖其所拥有的东西，商人出卖鞋子，政客出卖气质，众议员多半出卖他的诚信，而几乎所有的人都出卖尊严。女人也一样，不论是站在街头，还是受到神圣婚姻的束缚的，都可能要出卖他们的肉体。一切都是商品，每个人都在做买卖。劳动者唯一可以出卖的是他的体力。劳动者的尊严在市场上是没有价钱的。他能够出卖的除了体力还是体力。

……

1. WHAT LIFE MEANS TO ME (2)

一、学习目的与要求：

To grasp:        

1. the organization of the text;
2. words and phrases of the unit.

二、课程内容：What Life Means to Me (2)

I. The organization of the text:

Para.1 is devoted to his pursuit of knowledge and discovery of some scientifically formulated

sociological concepts.

Para.2 is devoted to his relationship with some socialists.

Para.3 is devoted to his discovery of nobleness of purpose and heroism of efforts.

Paras.4-7 are devoted to his contact with masters of the society and their wives and daughters, and

the discovery of their shocking materialism and hypocrisy.

Paras.8-11 are devoted to more contacts with upper class people.

Paras.12-13 are devoted to his disillusionment; he felt bored and sickened by the crime and

betrayal everywhere.

Paras.14-15 are devoted to his resolution to join the working class in its effort to build a new world.

II. Key point for discussion:

Why and how does Jack London take advantage of the sense of Christianity among his readers for his purpose of criticizing the bourgeoisie and eulogizing the working class

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;
2. the organization of the text.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. delve into: search deeply into;

2. formulated: expressed clearly briefly;

3. inasmuch as: because;

4. horny-handed: hard and rough handed;

5. unfrocked preachers: preachers who were rejected from the churches;

6. they were quick with knowledge which they strove to apply to the affairs of mankind: they were keen in getting new information which they strove to apply to the affairs of mankind;

7. sweet-nesses of unselfishness, renunciation, and martyrdom: virtues of unselfishness, ascetic self-denial, and self-sacrifice;

8. stinging things: encouraging things;

9. exalted flesh and spirit over dollars and cents: praised highly physical and spiritual beauty and to despise the chase of money;

10. to whom the thin wail of the starved slum child meant more than all the pomp and circumstance of commercial expansion and world empire: they showed greater concern for the thin painful cry of the starved slum child than all the commercial show and official ceremony of commercial expansion and world empire;

11. All about me were nobleness of purpose and heroism of effort, and my days and nights were sunshine and star-shine, all fire and dew, with before my eyes, ever burning and blazing, the Holy Grail, Christ's own Grail, the warm human, long-suffering and maltreated,: I lived with people with noble purpose and heroic effort, and my days and nights were filled with sunshine and starshine, full of enthusiasm and hope, and the Holy Cup was ever burning and blazing before my eyes; that was Christ's own Cup, the passion of the loving mankind, who were long-suffering and maltreated;

12. foretaste: small early experience;

13. It was not this, however, so much as their materialism, that shocked me: What shocked me more was their materialism.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

  1. Commercial banks make most of their _____from interest-earning loans and investments in stocks and bonds.

   a. means  b. dividends   c. earnings   d. compound interest

2. Many abandoned ___ of the Erie Canal, covered by vines and brush, are still easily traceable.

 a. areas  b. components  c. portions  d. regions

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. The socialists were revolutionists, inasmuch as they struggled to overthrow the society of the present, and out of the material to build the society of the future.

可转写为：Their struggle to overthrow the society of the present and to build the society of the future out of the material shows that the socialists were revolutionists.

2. I meet men incoherent with indignation at the brutality of prize-fighting, and who, at the same time, were parties to the adulteration of food that killed each year more babies than even red-handed Herod had killed.
   可转写为：To my knowledge, some men incoherent with indignation at the brutality of prize-fighting, were, at the same time, parties to the adulteration of food that killed each year more babies than even red-handed Herod had killed.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

It was the same e___, crime and betrayal, betrayal and crime—men who were alive, but who were n____ clean nor noble, men who were clean and noble but who were not alive. T ____ there was a great, hopeless mass, neither noble nor alive, but merely clean. It did not sin positively nor d ____; but it did sin p____ and ignorantly by acquiescing in the current immorality and profiting by it. Had it been noble and alive it w___ not have been ignorant, and it would have refused to s____ in the profits of betrayal and crime.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

（1）社会主义者都是些革命家，因为他们致力于推翻目前的社会，在此基础上建设一个新社会。我也是一个社会主义者和一个革命家。我加入到工人阶级和革命的知识分子的队伍中去，生平第一次进入知识阶层。在这里我发现了敏捷的思维与聪明的智慧，因为我遇上了体格健壮，头脑机灵，尽管满手老茧的工人阶级的成员，还有被教会开除出来的牧师，因为他们是真正的基督徒，因而无法迎合那些唯利是图的教徒们。我还遇上了被逐出校园的教授们，只因为他们致力于运用其知识去解决人类社会的各种问题，而触犯了为讨好统治阶级而设立那些校规。

 

 

1. I HAVE A DREAM

一、学习目的与要求：

To grasp:        

1. the organization of the text;
2. metaphorical expressions and formal repetition used in speech;
3. diction and sentence structure.

二、课程内容：I Have a Dream

I. Metaphorical expressions and formal repetition used in speech:

1. In recalling the significance of the Emancipation Proclamation issued by Lincoln to grant justice and freedom to the blacks. The Emancipation Proclamation is compared to “a great beacon light of hope”; the blacks are said to have been “seared in the flames of withering injustice”.

2. In reminding people of the tragic reality the Negro is still not free, the blacks are said to be “crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination,” and live “on a lonely island of poverty in the mist of a vast ocean of material prosperity.” The device of parallelism is also used here. The time adverbial “one hundred years later” is repeated four times. This emphatically contrasts the promise of freedom and equal rights for the black people embodied in some official documents such as the Emancipation Proclamation and the current undesirable condition in which the blacks still find themselves after the elapse of one hundred years.

3. In expressing the firm determination of the blacks in the struggle for justice and freedom. He has repeated the word now four times to reinforce the statements so that they may more easily arrest the reader’s attention. At the same time, parallelism emphasizes the four related, yet separate, goals. Here metaphorical expressions are used to impress the reader, for example, “the bank of injustice is bankrupt”, “the tranquilizing drug of gradualism”, “from the dark and desolate valley of segregation to the sunlit path of racial justice”, “the doors of opportunity”, “from the quicksands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood”.

II. Key point for discussion:

What are the particular effects of the metaphorical expressions each in the text?

三、考核知识点：

1. words and phrases of the unit;
2. metaphorical expressions and formal repetition used in speech;
3. diction and sentence structure.

四、考核要求：

（一）识记

• 能够准确地用英语对本课的重点词汇、短语或短句进行解释与表述，例如：

1. who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice: who had been suffering in the flames of suffocating injustice;

2. the life of the Negro is still sadly crippled by the manacles of segregation and the chains of discrimination: the Negroes are living a miserable life as they are confined by racial segregation and discrimination;

3. finds himself an exile in his own land: finds himself deprived of freedom in his own land;

4. we have come here today to dramatize an appalling condition: we have come here to expose a terrible condition;

5. we have come to our nation's Capital to cash a check: we have come to our nation's Capital to charge what have been promised;

6. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note: When the founders of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note;

7. to which every American was to fall heir: which every American was supposed to have the legal rights to receive;

8. guaranteed the unalienable rights: guaranteed the lawful rights;

9. America has defaulted on this promissory note insofar as her citizens of color are concerned: America has failed to keep the promise she made to the Negroes;

10. Instead of honoring this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a bad check: Instead of fulfilling this sacred obligation, America has given the Negro people a vain promise;

11. give us upon demand the riches of freedom and the security of justice: give us the wealth of freedom and the security of justice when payment is demanded;

12. to take the tranquilizing drug of gradualism: to console ourselves by saying that we need a policy of gradual progression;

13. to make real the promises: to fulfill the promises;

14. to lift our nation from the quick-sands of racial injustice to the solid rock of brotherhood: for our nation to be developed on the solid ground of fraternity rather than on the unsteady ground of racial injustice;

15. This sweltering summer of the Negro's legitimate discontent: This unpleasantly hot summer filled with the Negro's reasonable complaint;

16. an invigorating autumn: an encouraging autumn;

17. to blow off steam: to express anger;

18. will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as usual: will have a sudden consciousness of the unpleasant state of affairs if the nation returns to slavery;

19. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to shake the foundations of our nation: The whirlwinds of revolution will continue to shake the foundations of slavery;

20. who stand on the warm threshold which leads into the palace of justice: who struggle for justice;

21. we must not be guilty of wrongful deeds: we must not conduct immoral deeds;

22. to satisfy our thirst for freedom by drinking from the cup of bitterness and hatred: to satisfy our desire for freedom by unpleasant means of hatred and hostility;

23. on the high plane of dignity: on the high level of dignity;

24. we must rise to the majestic heights of meeting physical force with soul force: we must rise to the great heights of answering violence with reason and morality;

25. their freedom is inextricably bound to our freedom: their freedom is inevitably tied to our freedom;

26. trials and tribulations: hardships and sufferings;

27. unearned suffering is redemptive: undeserved suffering must bring about freedom from slavery.

……

• 能够准确地对本课Language Work（练习册）中词汇或短语辨析部分进行判断与选择，例如：

1. The black boys and girls need not have felt ____ for their dark skin in the summer camp.

  a. self-effacing  b. self-centred  c. self-conscious  d. self-evident

2. There are so many people ____him in the crowd that he could not hold the camera steady while trying to take a picture of Martin Luther King, Jr, the formost leader of the civil rights movement.

  a. jostling  b. agitating  c. obstructing  d. jerking

……

（二）领会

• 能够对本课难句进行转写，能分析不同句子型式间的内在关系，句子转写后其语义不变。 例如：

1. This momentous decree came as a great beacon light of hope to millions of Negro slaves who had been seared in the flames of withering injustice.

可转写为：Having been seared in the flames of withering injustice, millions of Negro slaves saw a great beacon light of hope from this momentous decree.

2. When the architects of our republic wrote the magnificent words of the Constitution and the Declaration of Independence, they were signing a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.
   可转写为：What the architects of republic wrote down by the magnificent words of the Constitution and Declaration of Independence was really a promissory note to which every American was to fall heir.

……

（三）简单应用

• 能够运用所学的语法知识与语用知识分析问题，完成完形填空与改错等任务。完形填空任务例如：

It would be fatal for the nation to o___ the urgency of the moment and to underestimate the d____ of the Negro. This sweltering summer of the Negro’s legitimate discontent will not pass u____ there is an invigorating autumn of freedom and equality. 1963 is not an end, but a b___. Those who hope that the Negro needed to blow off steam and will now be c____ will have a rude awakening if the nation returns to business as u ___. There will be neither rest nor tranquility in America until the Negro is g___ his citizenship rights. The whirlwinds of revolt will continue to s____ the foundations of our nation until the bright day of justice emerges.

……

（四）综合应用

能够灵活运用所学的语言语法知识与文化知识分析和解决问题，完成阅读理解与段落翻译等任务。

1) 阅读理解侧重的是对文章的思想内容、篇章结构的分析与理解以及对语言的综合运用。

2）段落翻译侧重语言的综合运用，翻译时要求语言使用准确、语句通顺流畅、意义完整。本课重点学习内容例如：

(1) 有人问献身争取公民权的人：“你们要到什么时候才满足？”只要黑人被选为警察暴行无法言喻的恐惧的牺牲者，我们就永远无法满足。只要我们拖着旅途劳顿的沉重躯体，却无法在公路旁的汽车旅馆和城市中旅社投宿，我们就永远无法满足。只要黑人的基本活动范围的改善只是从较小的贫民窟到较大的贫民窟，我们就永远无法满足。只要密西西比的黑人无投票权，纽约的黑人相信没什么可投票赞成的，我们就永远无法满足。不，我们不满足，将来也不会，除非正义汇成河川、公理形成巨流。

(2) 当这个共和国的创建者写下堂皇的宪法和独立宣言文句时，他们是在开一张每个美国人都有权继承的期票。这张期票是一个承诺，保证全人类都享有不可剥夺的生存、自由与追求幸福的权利。现在看来很明显，美国并未为它的有色人种公民兑现这张期票。它没有履行这项神圣的义务，因为它给黑人开的是一张空头支票，这张支票被它退了回来，上面写着“存款不足”。

……

 

III   有关说明与实施要求

 

一、自学考试大纲的目的和作用

课程自学考试大纲是根据专业自学考试计划的要求，结合自学考试的特点而确定。其目的是对个人自学、社会助学和课程考试命题进行指导和规定。

二、课程自学考试大纲与教材的关系

课程自学考试大纲是进行学习和考核的依据，教材是学习掌握课程知识的基本内容与范围，教材的内容是大纲所规定的课程知识和内容的扩展与发挥。

三、关于自学材料与主要参考书

本课程指定使用的教材：

李观仪主编：《新编英语教程》（5册），上海外语教育出版社，1994.8

四、关于自学要求和自学方法的指导

为有效的指导个人自学和社会助学，本大纲已指明重点和难点。学生应该根据本大纲的各项细则的要求来进行该课程的学习和备考。

五、对社会助学的要求

1.社会助学者应根据本大纲规定的考试内容和考核目标认真钻研指定教材，对考生进行切实有效的辅导。

2.社会助学者应指导考生全面系统地学习教材，掌握全部考试内容和考核知识点。

3.各单元的基本学时为4－6学时，实际学时可根据学生学习进度做出调整。

六、对考核内容和考核目标的说明

本课程要求学生学习和掌握的知识点都作为考核的内容。

七、关于考试命题的规定

1.本大纲各单元所规定的基本要求、知识点及知识点下的知识细目，都属于考核的内容。考试命题既要覆盖到单元，又要避免面面俱到。要注意突出课程的重点、单元重点，加大重点内容的覆盖度。

2.命题不应有超出大纲中考核知识点范围的题目，考核目标不得高于大纲中所规定的相应的最高能力层次要求。命题应着重考核自学者对基本概念、基本知识和基本理论是否了解或掌握，对基本方法是否会用或熟练。不应出与基本要求不符的偏题或怪题。

3.要合理安排试题的难易程度，试题的难度可分为：易、较易、较难和难四个等级。每份试卷中不同难度试题的分数比例一般为：2:3:3:2。

必须注意试题的难易程度与能力层次有一定的联系，但二者不是等同的概念。在各个能力层次中对于不同的考生都存在着不同的难度。在大纲中要特别强调这个问题，应告诫考生切勿混淆。

5.考试方法：闭卷考试。考试时间：150分钟。

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

附录  题型举例

I. Reading Comprehension

Read the following passage carefully and then choose one from the given choices to answer each question.

There seems to be a general assumption that brilliant people cannot stand routine; that they need a varied, exciting life in order to do their best. It is also assumed that dull people are particularly suited for dull work. We are told that the reason the present-day young protest so loudly against the dullness of factory jobs is that they are better educated and brighter than the young of the past.

Actually, there is no evidence that people who achieve much crave for, let alone live, eventful lives. The opposite is nearer the truth. One thinks of Amos the sheepherder, Socrates the stonemason, Omar the tentmaker. Jesus probably had his first revelations while doing humdrum carpentry work. Einstein worked out his theory of relativity while serving as a clerk in a Swiss patent office. Machiavelli wrote The Prince and the Discourses while immersed in the dull life of a small country town where the only excitement he knew was playing cards with muleteers at the inn. Immanuel Kant’s daily life was an unalterable routine. The housewives of Konigsberg set their clocks when they saw him pass on his way to the university. He took the same walk each morning, rain or shine.. The greatest distance Kant ever traveled was sixty miles from Konigsberg.

……

(1). Which of the four choices best completes each of the statements?

 1. In the author’s opinion, those who find dull work unbearable mostly belong to the age group of ____.

   A. 9 to 14

   B. 16 to 18

   C. 50 and above

   D. 35 to 45

 2. From what the author says about Kant, we can infer that ___.

   A. Kant lived a secluded life

   B. Kant disliked traveling

   C. Kant kept very regular hours

   D. Kant was something of a hermit

 3. According to the author, how much a man can achieve depends on ___.

   A. what kind of work he does

   B. what life experiences he has had

   C. how well he can put up with mental and physiological pressures

   D. none of the above

……

(2) Read the following passage carefully and then judge whether the statements are true or false by writing T or F.

1. The author seems to have enjoyed his 50-year experience as a workingman because his work had been of absorbing interest.

2.  The author seems to be contented with his work as he could talk with his workmates while working.

3.  According to the author, his work, though being dull, did not interfere with his creative thinking.

……

II. Multiple Choice

Choose the word or phrase which best completes each of the following sentences.

1. The doctor did not _______ to him his hopeless condition.

A. expose     B. reveal    C. uncover    D. betray

2. She is determined to explain the proper method to study custom ______ difficult it is.

      A. whatever       B. however     C. no matter        D. whenever

3. His father paid him ______ while he was at university.

      A. alimony       B. subsidy       C. an allowance     D. the rates

……

III. Cloze

Complete each of the words with initial letters given in the brackets by referring to the missing parts of the following passage with corresponding numbers.

Brain versus Computers

In science fiction there is to be found the recurrent theme of the omniscient computer which ultimately takes over the ordering human life and affairs. Is this possible? I believer it is not; but I also believe that the arguments commonly advanced to refute this possibility are the wrong o_______. First, it is often said that computers “do not really think.” This, I submit, is nonsense; if computers do not think, then n_______ do human beings. For how do I detect the process of thinking? I present data---say, an examination paper---to a student, which he scans with a photoelectric organ we call an “eye”; the computer scans its d_______ with a photoelectric organ we call a “tape-reader.”

……

V. Rewrite the following

For each of the sentences below, write a new sentence as close in meaning as possible to the original sentence by using the given words as the beginning.

1. Almost a century later his manuscripts in the National Library in Dublin still glow with the power of his passion.

By reading his manuscripts ______________________________________________.

 

VI. Translate the following underlined parts into English

1). 1. 当学习英语的外国学生得知英语中竟有四十多万单词（尚未包括哩语）时,他们可能会丧失信心和勇气，但是他们应该鼓起勇气，因为超过半数的单词,早已被历史所淘汰，现在已经不流通。2. 即使是莎士比亚也只使用了大概两万单词而已。现在的英国人平均词汇量大概在一万二千到一万三千左右。3. 尽可能地充实你的词汇量当然是件好事，但实际上如果拥有一万单词，你就可以满足大量的口头和书面表达的需要了。4. 问题在于要对你所懂得的词汇了如指掌才能运用自如。

2) ……